Week 6: File I/O

File Handling (I/O)

(REF: Python File Open)

When programming, you have likely encountered a situation where all data is lost once your script finishes running. This happens because the data is stored in the memory, and when the program ends, the memory is cleared.

To solve this issue, Python offers a feature called File I/O, which allows you to read from or write to files, ensuring that data persists even after your program has ended.

File I/O refers to the ability of a program to take a file as input or create a file as output. This is essential when you want to store data for later use, process large datasets, or manage configurations. —Dilan Nawarathne via Medium

The key function for working with files in Python is the open() function.

The open() function takes two parameters; filename, and mode.

There are four different methods (modes) for opening a file:

"r" - Read — Default Value. Opens a file for reading, error if the file doesn’t exist.

"a" - Append — Opens a file for appending, creates the file if it doesn’t exist.

"w" - Write — Opens a file for writing, creates the file if it doesn’t exist or overwrites the existing file.

"x" - Create — Creates the specified file, returns an error if the file exists.

In addition you can specify if the file should be handled as binary or text mode:

"t" - Text — Default value. Text mode

"b" - Binary — Binary mode (e.g., images)

Syntax

To open a file for reading it is enough to specify the name of the file:

file = open("demofile.txt")

The code above is the same as:

file = open("demofile.txt", "rt")

As "r" for read, and "t" for text are the default values, you don’t need to specify them.

Python Read File

Using the with statement

You can also use the with statement when opening a file:

with open("demofile.txt") as f:
  print(f.read())

Then you don’t have to worry about closing your files, the with statement takes care of that.

Close Files

It is a good practice to always close the file when you are done with it.

If you’re not using the with statement, you must write a close statement in order to close the file:

f = open("demofile.txt")
print(f.readline())
f.close()

Read Only Parts of the File

By default the read() methods returns the whole text, but you can also specify how many characters you want to return:

with open("demofile.txt") as f:
  print(f.read(5))

Read Lines

You can return one line by using the readline() method:

with open("demofile.txt") as f:
  print(f.readline())

By calling readline() two times, you can read the two first lines:

with open("demofile.txt") as f:
  print(f.readline())
  print(f.readline())

By looping through the lines of the file, you can read the whole file, line by line:

with open("demofile.txt") as f:
    for line in f:
        print(line)

Python File Write

Write to an Existing File

To write to an existing file, you must add a parameter to the open() function:

"a" - Append — will append to the end of the file

"w" - Write —- will overwrite any existing content

with open("demofile.txt", "a") as f:
  f.write("Now the file has more content!")

# open and read the file after appending
with open("demofile.txt") as f:
  print(f.read())

Create a New File

To create a new file in Python use the open() method, with one of the following parameters:

"x" - Create — will create a file, returns an error if the file exists

f = open("myfile.txt", "x")

Result: A new empty file is created.

csv Module

The csv module reads and writes tabular data in CSV(Comma Separated Values) format.

pillow Module

REF: Python:Pillow

Pillow is a Python library used for working with images. It is a user friendly and actively maintained fork of the original Python Imaging Library(PIL). It not only supports various image formats like JPEG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, and BMP, but also offers capabilities such as resizing, cropping, rotating, and color adjustments.

Use cases of Pillow

Pillow is used for automating and customizing image-related tasks, particularly when graphical interfaces aren’t ideal. Here are some compelling use cases:

• Resize and crop images
• Format conversion: Convert between file formats like JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP.
• Image Enhancement: Adjust brightness, apply filters, or add visual effects.
• Batch Processing: Automate processing of large volumes of images.
• Image Generation: Create custom graphics, visualization, or CAPTCHAS.
• Meme or Thumbnail Creation: Combine Pillow with text or shape drawing for custom graphics.

Installing Pillow

Install the official release of Pillow:

pip install pillow

General Workflow of Pillow

Pillow operations typically follow a clear, intuitive workflow:

• Import the necessary classes from the PIL module
• Open an image using Image.open()
• Apply transformations like resizing, rotating, or filtering
• Save the final output using Image.save()